Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling vital functions such as heart rate and breathing?

The reptilian brain, often referred to as the brainstem or the primitive brain, plays a crucial role in controlling vital autonomic functions, including heart rate, breathing, and other basic life-sustaining processes. This part of the brain is responsible for maintaining homeostasis and managing bodily functions that occur without conscious effort.

The reptilian brain encompasses structures such as the medulla oblongata and the pons, which are essential for regulating automatic functions. It is involved in controlling reflexive responses and survival instincts, which are critical for the body's immediate physical needs.

In contrast, the cerebral cortex is associated with higher-level processing and cognitive functions, such as reasoning, planning, and speech. The limbic system is mainly involved in emotions, memory, and motivational behavior, which means it does not manage these essential life functions. The neocortex, which is the most evolved part of the brain, is also involved in complex cognitive tasks, higher thought processes, and decision-making, rather than autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate.