Which of the following is considered a factor contributing to early mortality?

Social isolation is recognized as a significant factor contributing to early mortality due to its profound impact on both mental and physical health. Individuals who experience social isolation often have limited social interactions and support systems, which can lead to feelings of loneliness and depression. This lack of social connections can increase the risk of various health issues, including cardiovascular disease, decreased immune function, and even cognitive decline. Research consistently supports the idea that people with strong social relationships tend to live longer and enjoy better health outcomes.

While education level, personal income, and employment status can also influence overall health and longevity, they do so in ways that are often mediated by social factors. For instance, higher education and income can lead to better access to healthcare and resources, while stable employment often provides social networks and health benefits. However, the immediate and direct effects of social isolation on mental and physical health make it a particularly critical determinant in discussions of early mortality. This underscores the importance of social connections and community engagement in promoting longer, healthier lives.