Which glands secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are hormones that play crucial roles in the body's response to stress, particularly in the "fight or flight" response. The correct answer, the adrenal glands, are located on top of each kidney and are responsible for producing these hormones. When an individual experiences stress, the adrenal glands release epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) into the bloodstream. This release leads to increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and heightened alertness, all of which are essential for coping with stressful situations.

The thyroid glands, while important for regulating metabolism through hormones like thyroxine, do not play a direct role in the stress response by secreting epinephrine or norepinephrine. Similarly, the pituitary glands, which are key in regulating various hormones in the body, do not secrete these specific hormones directly; instead, they control other glands, including the adrenal glands. The pineal glands primarily secrete melatonin, which regulates sleep and circadian rhythms, and are not involved in the stress response mechanism associated with epinephrine and norepinephrine production.