Which finding suggests conduct disorder rather than oppositional defiant disorder?

Conduct disorder is characterized by a persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms and the rights of others, typically involving more severe actions compared to oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). A key feature of conduct disorder is the presence of aggressive behaviors, particularly those that reflect a lack of empathy or regard for the welfare of others.

Physical cruelty to animals is a particularly disturbing behavior that indicates a more serious level of aggression and disregard for others, fitting within the criteria for conduct disorder. This behavior often involves an element of sadism or a willingness to engage in harm and is a clear indicator of the severe behavioral issues associated with conduct disorder.

In contrast, behaviors such as being spiteful or vindictive, often losing one's temper, or refusing to comply with authority, while significant, are more characteristic of oppositional defiant disorder. ODD primarily involves persistent patterns of defiance, arguing with authority figures, and irritability, which lack the intense aggression and disregard for societal norms seen in conduct disorder. Thus, the presence of physical cruelty to animals is a crucial differentiator that strongly suggests conduct disorder over oppositional defiant disorder.