Which explanation for depression relates to a decrease in positive reinforcement or an increase in negative outcomes?

The explanation for depression that focuses on a decrease in positive reinforcement or an increase in negative outcomes is the behavioral perspective. This approach emphasizes that individuals may become depressed when they experience fewer rewarding experiences and more negative events in their lives. For instance, if a person is no longer engaging in activities that once brought them joy or fulfillment, they may start to feel hopeless and lose motivation, leading to symptoms of depression.

The behavioral theory posits that this imbalance in reinforcement—where negative experiences outweigh positive ones—can lead to a cycle of withdrawal and increased feelings of sadness or inactivity. By understanding this connection, interventions can be designed to help individuals increase their engagement in positive activities, thereby restoring a sense of pleasure and reducing depressive symptoms.

Other perspectives, like the cognitive approach, would focus more on thought patterns and beliefs contributing to depression, the social perspective on interpersonal relationships and support systems, and the biological perspective on genetic and neurochemical factors. While all of these are relevant in understanding depression, the behavioral perspective specifically highlights the role of reinforcement and outcomes in the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms.