Which disorder is characterized by alternating periods of high emotional states and rationality?

Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating periods of elevated mood, known as mania or hypomania, and episodes of depression. During the manic phase, individuals may experience heightened emotions, increased energy, and a reduced need for sleep, along with impulsive behaviors. In contrast, during depressive episodes, individuals often feel low energy, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities they once enjoyed. This cyclical nature of mood swings illustrates the contrast between high emotional states and periods of rationality or normalcy.

In comparison, major depressive disorder primarily involves prolonged periods of depression without the highs of mania, while generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive worry rather than mood swings. Panic disorder features recurrent panic attacks that cause overwhelming anxiety but do not typically involve the emotional fluctuations seen in bipolar disorder.