Which clinical manifestation is associated with caffeine abuse?

Caffeine abuse is characterized by several physiological effects on the body, one of which is an increased heart rate, often referred to as tachycardia. Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that promotes increased alertness and energy levels, which can elevate heart rate as part of the body's heightened state of arousal.

When consumed in excessive amounts, caffeine can lead to overstimulation, resulting in palpitations and a noticeable increase in heart rate. Individuals who abuse caffeine may experience these cardiovascular effects due to heightened adrenaline levels and increased metabolism. This manifests as a sensation of a racing heart or more forceful heartbeats, which are commonly reported symptoms among heavy caffeine consumers.

The other options, while potentially related to other conditions or different contexts of caffeine consumption, do not specifically characterize the physiological response associated with caffeine abuse. For instance, lower cholesterol levels, weight gain, and decreased energy levels typically do not align with the effects observed in cases of caffeine overconsumption, where increased activity rather than lethargy is more common.