What characterizes bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression. This means that individuals with bipolar disorder will experience episodes of elevated mood, increased energy, and heightened activity levels (mania), followed by periods of low mood, decreased energy, and sadness (depression). These mood swings can fluctuate over varying durations, often creating significant shifts in behavior and functioning.

The nature of these alternating episodes is crucial to understanding bipolar disorder, as it distinguishes it from other mood disorders that may present with only depressive symptoms or persistent anxiety. The intensity and duration of manic and depressive episodes can vary from person to person, but the key feature is the distinct change between these two states, which is not seen in disorders that involve only stable anxiety or constant mood instability. This differentiation helps in diagnosing and effectively treating the disorder.