Major Depressive Disorder is described by which of the following characteristics?

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized by prolonged and persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities. This condition is defined by a significant and pervasive low mood that lasts for a substantial period, typically for at least two weeks, and it does not include manic episodes. The absence of mania is a critical factor that distinguishes MDD from other mood disorders, such as Bipolar Disorder, where manic episodes are present.

In the context of this question, the emphasis on "long-lasting feelings of depression without mania" captures the essence of what MDD entails. Individuals with this disorder may experience a variety of symptoms, including changes in sleep, appetite, energy level, and cognitive functions, but the defining feature remains the persistent depressive state without the alternating high-energy phases associated with mania.

The other options represent different psychological conditions that do not accurately describe Major Depressive Disorder. Intense periods of mania highlight a contrasting condition, obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors are part of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and fear of social interactions pertains to Social Anxiety Disorder. Each of these distinctions is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment in mental health practices.